5101520 Barbed wire, first patented

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Barbed wire, first patented in the United States in 1867, played an important part in the development of American farming, as it enabled the settlers to make effective fencing to enclose their land and keep cattle away from their crops. This had a considerable effect on cattle ranching, since the herds no longer had unrestricted use of the plains for grazing, and the fencing led to conflict between the farmers and the cattle ranchers.
Before barbed wire came into general use, fencing was often made from serrated wire, which was unsatisfactory because it broke easily when under strain, and could snap in cold weather due to contraction. The first practical machine for producing barbed wire was invented in 1874 by an Illinois farmer, and between then and the end of the century about 400 types of barbed wire were devised, of which only about a dozen were ever put to practical use.
Modern barbed wire is made from mild steel, high-tensile steel, or aluminium. Mild steel and aluminium barbed wire have two strands twisted together to form a cable which is stronger than single-strand wire and less affected by temperature changes. Single-strand wire, round or oval, is made from high-tensile steel with the barbs crimped or welded on. The steel wires used are galvanized ― coated with zinc to make them rustproof. The two wires that make up the line wire or cable are fed separately into a machine at one end. They leave it at the other end twisted together and barbed.
The wire to make the barbs is fed into the machine from the sides and cut to length by knives that cut diagonally through the wire to produce a sharp point. This process continues automatically, and the finished barbed wire is wound onto reels, usually made of wire, in lengths of 400 meters or in weights of up to 50 kilograms. A variation of barbed wire is also used for military purposes. It is formed into long coils or entanglements called concertina wire.

71. What is the main topic of the passage?
A. Cattle ranching in the United States B. A type of fencing
C. Industrial uses of wire D. A controversy over land use
72. The word "unrestricted" in line 4 is closest in meaning to
A. unsatisfactory B. difficult C. considerable D. unlimited
73. The word "snap" in line 7 could best be replaced by which of the following?
A. freeze B. click C. loosen D. break
74. What is the benefit of using two-stranded barbed wire?
A. Improved rust-resistance B. Increased strength
C. More rapid attachment of barbs D. Easier installation
75. According to the author, the steel wires used to make barbed wire are specially processed to
A. protect them against rust B. make them more flexible
C. prevent contraction in cold weather D. strengthen them
76. The word "fed" in line 18 is closest in meaning to
A. put B. eaten C. bitten D. nourished
77. The knives referred to in line 18 are used to
A. separate double-stranded wire B. prevent the reel from advancing too rapidly
C. twist the wire D. cut the wire that becomes barbs

78. What is the author’s purpose in the third paragraph?
A. To explain the importance of the wire
B. To outline the difficulty of making the wire
C. To describe how the wire is made
D. To suggest several different uses of the wire
79. According to the passage, concertina wire is used for
A. livestock management B. international communications
C. prison enclosures D. military purposes
80. Which of the following most closely resembles the fencing described in the passage?

20
 Barbed wire, first patented in the United States in 1867, played an important part in the development of American farming, as it enabled the settlers to make effective fencing to enclose their land and keep cattle away from their crops. This had a considerable effect on cattle ranching, since the herds no longer had unrestricted use of the plains for grazing, and the fencing led to conflict between the farmers and the cattle ranchers.
 Before barbed wire came into general use, fencing was often made from serrated wire, which was unsatisfactory because it broke easily when under strain, and could snap in cold weather due to contraction. The first practical machine for producing barbed wire was invented in 1874 by an Illinois farmer, and between then and the end of the century about 400 types of barbed wire were devised, of which only about a dozen were ever put to practical use.
 Modern barbed wire is made from mild steel, high-tensile steel, or aluminium. Mild steel and aluminium barbed wire have two strands twisted together to form a cable which is stronger than single-strand wire and less affected by temperature changes. Single-strand wire, round or oval, is made from high-tensile steel with the barbs crimped or welded on. The steel wires used are galvanized ― coated with zinc to make them rustproof. The two wires that make up the line wire or cable are fed separately into a machine at one end. They leave it at the other end twisted together and barbed.
 The wire to make the barbs is fed into the machine from the sides and cut to length by knives that cut diagonally through the wire to produce a sharp point. This process continues automatically, and the finished barbed wire is wound onto reels, usually made of wire, in lengths of 400 meters or in weights of up to 50 kilograms. A variation of barbed wire is also used for military purposes. It is formed into long coils or entanglements called concertina wire.

71. What is the main topic of the passage?
A. Cattle ranching in the United States B. A type of fencing
C. Industrial uses of wire D. A controversy over land use
72. The word "unrestricted" in line 4 is closest in meaning to
A. unsatisfactory B. difficult C. considerable D. unlimited
73. The word "snap" in line 7 could best be replaced by which of the following?
A. freeze B. click C. loosen D. break
74. What is the benefit of using two-stranded barbed wire?
A. Improved rust-resistance B. Increased strength
C. More rapid attachment of barbs D. Easier installation
75. According to the author, the steel wires used to make barbed wire are specially processed to
A. protect them against rust B. make them more flexible
C. prevent contraction in cold weather D. strengthen them
76. The word "fed" in line 18 is closest in meaning to
A. put B. eaten C. bitten D. nourished
77. The knives referred to in line 18 are used to
A. separate double-stranded wire B. prevent the reel from advancing too rapidly
C. twist the wire D. cut the wire that becomes barbs

78. What is the author’s purpose in the third paragraph?
A. To explain the importance of the wire
B. To outline the difficulty of making the wire
C. To describe how the wire is made
D. To suggest several different uses of the wire
79. According to the passage, concertina wire is used for
A. livestock management B. international communications
C. prison enclosures D. military purposes
80. Which of the following most closely resembles the fencing described in the passage?

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5101520 Barbed wire, first patented in the United States in 1867, played an important part in the development of American farming, as it enabled the settlers to make effective fencing to enclose their land and keep cattle away from their crops. This had a considerable effect on cattle ranching, since the herds no longer had unrestricted use of the plains for grazing, and the fencing led to conflict between the farmers and the cattle ranchers. Before barbed wire came into general use, fencing was often made from serrated wire, which was unsatisfactory because it broke easily when under strain, and could snap in cold weather due to contraction. The first practical machine for producing barbed wire was invented in 1874 by an Illinois farmer, and between then and the end of the century about 400 types of barbed wire were devised, of which only about a dozen were ever put to practical use. Modern barbed wire is made from mild steel, high-tensile steel, or aluminium. Mild steel and aluminium barbed wire have two strands twisted together to form a cable which is stronger than single-strand wire and less affected by temperature changes. Single-strand wire, round or oval, is made from high-tensile steel with the barbs crimped or welded on. The steel wires used are galvanized ― coated with zinc to make them rustproof. The two wires that make up the line wire or cable are fed separately into a machine at one end. They leave it at the other end twisted together and barbed. The wire to make the barbs is fed into the machine from the sides and cut to length by knives that cut diagonally through the wire to produce a sharp point. This process continues automatically, and the finished barbed wire is wound onto reels, usually made of wire, in lengths of 400 meters or in weights of up to 50 kilograms. A variation of barbed wire is also used for military purposes. It is formed into long coils or entanglements called concertina wire.71. What is the main topic of the passage?A. Cattle ranching in the United States B. A type of fencingC. Industrial uses of wire D. A controversy over land use72. The word "unrestricted" in line 4 is closest in meaning toA. unsatisfactory B. difficult C. considerable D. unlimited73. The word "snap" in line 7 could best be replaced by which of the following?A. freeze B. click C. loosen D. break74. What is the benefit of using two-stranded barbed wire?A. Improved rust-resistance B. Increased strengthC. More rapid attachment of barbs D. Easier installation75. According to the author, the steel wires used to make barbed wire are specially processed toA. protect them against rust B. make them more flexibleC. prevent contraction in cold weather D. strengthen them76. The word "fed" in line 18 is closest in meaning toA. put B. eaten C. bitten D. nourished77. The knives referred to in line 18 are used toA. separate double-stranded wire B. prevent the reel from advancing too rapidlyC. twist the wire D. cut the wire that becomes barbs78. What is the author’s purpose in the third paragraph?A. To explain the importance of the wireB. To outline the difficulty of making the wireC. To describe how the wire is madeD. To suggest several different uses of the wire79. According to the passage, concertina wire is used forA. livestock management B. international communicationsC. prison enclosures D. military purposes80. Which of the following most closely resembles the fencing described in the passage?

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5 10 15 20 سیم خاردار، برای اولین بار در ایالات متحده در سال 1867 ثبت شده، بخش مهمی بازی در توسعه کشاورزی آمریکا، آن را به عنوان فعال مهاجران را به نرده های موثر برای محدود کردن زمین های خود را و دور از اثرات آنها گاو. این بود اثر بر دامپروری قابل توجه، از گله دیگر نداشت استفاده بدون محدودیت از دشت برای چرا، و شمشیربازی به درگیری بین کشاورزان و دامداران گاو منجر شده است. قبل از سیم خاردار آمد به عمومی استفاده، شمشیربازی از دندانه دار اغلب سیم ساخته شده بود ، که رضایتبخش بود چرا که آن را به آسانی هنگامی که تحت فشار شکست، و می تواند در آب و هوای سرد به دلیل انقباض تولید سیم خاردار در سال 1874 توسط یک کشاورز ایلینوی اختراع شد ضربه محکم و ناگهانی. اولین ماشین های عملی، و بین آن زمان و در پایان قرن حدود 400 شد انواع سیم خاردار ابداع، تنها حدود ده از آنها تا به حال به داروخانه استفاده قرار داده است. مدرن سیم های خاردار است از فولاد، بالا کششی فولاد، یا آلومینیوم ساخته شده است. خفیف فلزی و آلومینیوم دارای رشته سیم خاردار به هم پیچ خورده به شکل دو یک کابل است که قوی تر از سیم تک رشته و کمتر تحت تاثیر تغییرات دما تک رشته سیم، گرد یا بیضی شکل است، از فولاد بالا کششی ساخته شده با قلابها crimped یا جوش داده شده در سیم فولاد استفاده می شود گالوانیزه - .. پوشش داده شده با آنها را غیر قابل زنگ زدن روی به. دو سیم سیم خط که کابل را تشکیل می دهند به طور جداگانه و یا به یک ماشین در یکی از پایان تغذیه می کند. آنها را از آن ترک در انتهای دیگر پیچ خورده با هم و خاردار. سیم را به قلابها به ماشین تغذیه از طرف و با چاقو که مورب از طریق سیم برش برای تولید یک نقطه تیز به طول را کاهش دهد. این فرایند به طور خودکار ادامه می دهد، و سیم خاردار نهایی روی قرقره، معمولا از سیم ساخته شده زخم، در طول 400 متر و یا در وزن تا 50 کیلوگرم. یک تنوع از سیم خاردار نیز برای مقاصد نظامی استفاده می شود. این است که به طولانی به نام سیم آکاردئونی کویل و یا درگیری شکل گرفته است. 71. موضوع اصلی این پاساژ چیست؟ A. دامپروری در ایالات متحده B. نوع نرده C. سیم صنعتی استفاده می کند از D. جنجال بر سر استفاده از زمین 72. کلمه "محدودیت" در خط 4 نزدیک در معنای به است کلمه A. رضایتبخش B. C. D. فضای مجاز: نامحدود قابل توجهی 73. کلمه "ضربه محکم و ناگهانی "بهترین در خط 7 را می توان با کدام یک از موارد زیر جایگزین؟ کلیک کنید A. B. C. یخ D. شل شکستن 74. مزایای استفاده از دو رشته سیم خاردار چیست؟ A. بهبود زنگ مقاومت B. افزایش قدرت پیوست های بیشتر سریع C. D. نصب و راه اندازی آسان تر از قلابها 75. به گفته نویسنده، فولاد مورد استفاده برای ساخت سیم خاردار سیم به طور خاص به پردازش A. حفاظت از آنها در برابر آنها زنگ انعطاف پذیر بیشتر B. را C. جلوگیری از انقباض در آب و هوای سرد D . تقویت آنها 76. کلمه "تغذیه" در خط 18 نزدیک در معنای این است که قرار A. B. C. گاز گرفته خورده D. تغذیه 77. چاقو در خط 18 معرفی کرده به استفاده می شود برای جدا A. دو رشته سیم B . جلوگیری از حلقه از سرعت پیشرفت TOO D. C. پیچ و تاب و سیم برش سیم می شود که در قلابها 78. هدف نویسنده در بند سوم چیست؟ A. به توضیح اهمیت سیم B. به رئوس مطالب مشکل ساخت سیم C. برای توصیف سیم ساخته شده است چگونه به پیشنهاد D. استفاده های مختلف چند از سیم 79. با توجه به پاساژ، آکاردئونی سیم برای استفاده مدیریت دام A. ارتباطات بین المللی B. C. D. نظامی زندان اهداف محوطه 80 کدام یک از موارد زیر بیشتر از نزدیک شمشیربازی شرح داده شده در پاساژ شبیه؟

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